Elementi essenziali della sicurezza energetica

      Enel SpA     Valerio Abbagnara     European Union     June 27 2013  Valerio Abbagnara Author page »      Energy security: definition and scope  Historically, the introduction of the energy security concept is attributed to Sir Winston Churchill, who, in his role as pre-WWI First Lord of the Admiralty for the British Navy, stated: “Safety and certainty in oil lie in variety and variety alone” (as variety Churchill meant variety of oil suppliers.)1  In fact, in converting the British Navy from coal-power to fuel oil in order to make the fleet faster than the German Navy, Churchill implicitly recognized that the sources diversification had to be pursued (and a new vulnerability had been created): coal was a domestic source of fuel but oil had to be imported.  Nowadays, the concept of energy security is indeed richer thanks to the inclusion and development of many new factors, of which daily interactions among nations and the increasingly global level of their relationship undoubtedly rank among the more significant ones.  Throughout the years, several descriptions of energy security have been provided.  To mention a few, in 2004, the following characterization was given by professors Barton, Redgwell, Ronne and Zillman: “a condition in which a nation and all, or most, of its citizens and businesses have access to sufficient energy resources at reasonable prices for the foreseeable future free form serious risk of major disruption of services”.2  In 2006, a similar definition was given by Daniel Yergin: “availability of sufficient supplies at affordable prices”3.  A close construction to the above is maintained in the definitions adopted by some international organizations. The Energy International Agency defines the energy security as “the uninterrupted availability of energy sources at an affordable price”4 , whilst according to the European Commission, the energy security is “the availability of energy at all times in various forms, in sufficient quantities and at reasonable and/or affordable prices”5.  Lastly, according to the Congress of United States, the energy security is “the ability of U.S. households and businesses to accommodate disruptions of supply in energy markets”6.  Notwithstanding as correctly stated by the Department of Energy and Climate Change of the UK Government about the imperfection of a definition of energy security7, from the above two main common elements emerge which may ideally provide for a catch-all concept (thus valid regardless of its geographical or sector-specific application), namely: a) the reliability in the supply of the energy raw materials, meaning its physical dispatch from the production site to the utilization site and b) their affordability, meaning their reasonably economic availability, as such disrupted to the least possible extent by unforeseeable and/or substantial price variations which may lead to the destabilization of the involved economies.      Risks affecting the energy security  The above elements are dealt with by any single state depending on whether any such state is an energy producer or energy importer. In fact, both types of countries are equally affected whenever an imbalance occurs (both producers and importers are interdependent), although the risks they face are different.  In the producing countries, the power industry normally represents a high percentage of the GDP, as well as a large part of their export; proceeds from the energy export normally make up for a substantial part – often the entirety – of the state income and are practically the tool whereby the political regimes ensure their support from the populations. In such a context, keeping steady export outflows – along with regular money inflows – represents a fundamental condition for the economic and political stability of the producing countries.8  In the importing countries, governments are mainly concerned about guaranteeing reliable energy inflows at reasonable prices; therefore, substantial efforts are employed in keeping up a long-lasting, high level diplomacy activity with the producing countries as well as designing solutions aimed at reducing the dependence on external energy sources.  From the above it may therefore be easily inferred that both for the producing countries and the importing ones the power resources are so important that a reciprocal security is needed and pursued; the motto “commercium et pax” as guarantee of a peaceful and stable social and commercial growth is actively followed.9     Generally speaking, the energy security is threatened by two different kinds of risk: physical risks and economic risks.  The physical risks are related to the reliability of the resources, namely to the maintenance of a regular flow of resources; as a matter of fact, the transportation infrastructures may be damaged, be object of attacks or be blocked  - mainly the gas pipelines – by the countries where resources pass through. Such circumstances may equally harm both producing and importing countries.  The economic risks are related to the affordability of the resources, namely to their reasonably economic availability. By definition, the energy consumption is rigid with respect to price, mainly in case of price increase. Such rigidity has two main implications; in the short term, consumers do not vary their consumption in proportion to a price variation, whilst, in the long term, their response aim at structurally modifying the demand for energy, both by increasing the energy efficiency or diversifying the energy sources.  For the producing countries, both positive and negative price variations represent a risk, namely if they are unforeseen and excessive.  As a matter of fact, a price slump entails a payments-related issue and, as a consequence, may lead to the political destabilization of the regimes which base their consensus on the proceeds linked to the energy resources supply.  Likewise, a price increase poses a serious threat, since the increase of energy efficiency or the sources diversification in the importing country may represent a permanent shrinking of the demand, thus reducing the money inflows.10      Essential elements of the European States’ energy security policy  Limiting this analysis to Europe (although the below elements may well be referred to a vast majority of worldwide states), as a response to the political, social and economic issues which have negatively affected or otherwise shaken the European energy security in the last 10 years (namely hydrocarbons price increase, gas crisis in the Eastern Europe, Chinese economic boom, increasing focus on the climate change, financial and real estate crisis), the following may be considered as the very essential elements of the European states’ energy security policy:      Diversification of energy mix  In order to decreasingly depend from single energy sources, mainly fossil fuels (oil, gas and coal), States have started to diversify their national energy share through the development of alternative energy sources, such as the nuclear and the renewable energies (wind, hydro, photovoltaic and so on). The energy diversification has become a repeated mantra and as such renowned energy business personalities very often highlight its significance. In this sense, it is worth to mention Mr. Fulvio Conti11  who, in the 2008 International Energy Forum held in Rome, stressed that fostering the investments in diversification of energy mix as well as in new infrastructures for energy production is of paramount importance in order to guarantee an adequate, secure, sustainable and cheaper energy supply.12  The diversification will also serve for the purposes of ensuring the human development while preserving the environment; as a matter of fact, the use of alternative energy sources will help to reduce the current level of CO2, which is in line with the climate and energy package promoted by the European Union.      Diversification of suppliers  Mainly in the gas sector, the collaboration among States has led to the launch of different projects (North Stream, South Stream, TAP), with the aim at reducing the dependence from the vagaries of the relationship between Russia and the countries where the Russian gas passes through. Such kind of diversification is undoubtedly positive; however, it should be coupled with other measures like, for instance, a greater transport capacity liberalization which may be achieved by amending the gas contracts through a reassessment of the final destination clauses, which in fact restrict the possibility of buyers to resell gas outside their respective territories.      Decrease of internal consumption and increase of energy efficiency  Both elements are being tackled by the States under the collective approach at the level of the European Union.  As regards the internal consumption, one of the strategy targets for tackling climate change before 2020 is the energy cut by 20%. In this respect, the Performance of Buildings Directive (Directive 2010/31/EU) clearly indicates that, accounting buildings for 40 % of total energy consumption in the European Union, the reduction of energy consumption and the use of energy from renewable sources in the buildings sector constitute important measures needed to reduce the EU’s energy dependency and greenhouse gas emissions.   On energy efficiency, the Directive on energy efficiency (Directive 2012/27/EU) specifically requires the Member States to implement a series of tasks with the aim at addressing the challenges resulting from the increased dependence on energy imports and scarce energy resources and the need to limit climate change and to overcome the economic crisis.  On energy efficiency it is also worth to highlight that a really efficient system cannot be achieved without a transparent and effective management of the cross-border power flows as well as the network congestions;  a sustainable, integrated power infrastructure network at the European level should therefore be promoted and implemented.      A  slightly  different approach: The stance of the United Kingdom  According to a recent Energy Index (International Index of Energy Security Risk) compiled by the U.S. Chamber of Commerce Institute for 21st Century Energy, the United Kingdom ranks second (behind Mexico) in a list of 24 countries that make up the large energy user group13.  Since the 1980s, the United Kingdom has scored consistently in the top three most energy secure countries in the group of large energy users and it has been the most energy secure of the European countries. The United Kingdom is a large energy producer as well as a large energy consumer and it has significant quantities of oil, gas, and coal resources. It is the second largest producer of crude oil in Europe after Norway and was until recently Europe’s second largest producer of natural gas also after Norway—it is now third behind the Netherlands.  Being the United Kingdom a large energy producer, the analysis on whether such country has achieved the above elements must necessarily be put forward in conjunction with its position.  In fact, the diversification of energy mix is not considered such a primary and urgent goal as in other European countries; the country boasts and actively exploits oil and gas reserves currently existing in the North Sea, which, although shrinking, make it less dependent than other countries on external exports and ensure a significant contribution to the energy needs for many years to come.14 This is the reason why the current UK energy policy stands for a maximization of the economic production of the oil and gas reserves, rather than heavily focusing on the mix diversification.  The declining production in the North Sea is in any case prompting the UK energy diplomacy to provide help in improving the reliability of global energy markets and actively search for a sources diversification through bilateral relationships and multilateral initiatives as well as  by encouraging greater liberalization of the markets and strengthening trading links and infrastructure; in this sense, the United Kingdom government  continuously cooperates with the EU authorities and is increasingly becoming part of more interconnected networks both in the EU and beyond.  As regards the energy efficiency, such element represents a pillar of the UK Energy Security Strategy15. As such, initiatives such as smart meters and smart grids are in place in order to deliver a more sustainable and secure energy system, lower the exposure to domestic and international energy market risks and reduce the UK’s dependence on oil and gas.  1 Daniel Yergin, Ensuring Energy Security, in “Foreign Affairs”, 85, 2, 2006, p. 69 2 Barry Barton, Catherine Redgwell, Anita Ronne and Donald N. Zillman, Energy security: managing risk in a dynamic and regulatory environment, Oxford, Oxfor University Press, 2004, p. 5 3 Daniel Yergin, Ensuring Energy Security, in “Foreign Affairs”, 85, 2, 2006, pp. 70-71 4 http://www.iea.org/topics/energysecurity/ 5 Cited in Robert Skinner and Robert Arnott, EUROGULF: an EU–GCC dialogue for energy stability and sustainability, http://ec.europa.eu/energy/green-paper-energy-supply/doc/studies/2005_04_eurogulf_kuwait_en.pdf 6 http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/05-09-EnergySecurity.pdf 7 https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/65643/7101-energy-security-strategy.pdf , pag. 5 8 Matteo Verda, Politica estera e sicurezza energetica - L’esperienza europea, il gas naturale e il ruolo della Russia, ed. Epoké, 2012, p. 38 ss. 9 Michael Novak, Does the free market corrode moral character?, John Templeton Foundation http://www.templeton.org/market/PDF/Novak.pdf 10 Matteo Verda, La sicurezza energetica ed i paesi produttori, Istituto per gli studi di politica internazionale  (ISPI), Policy Brief, no. 213 – December 2011 11 Chief Executive Officer and General Manager of Enel S.p.A.  Enel S.p.A. is the industrial holding of the Enel Group, a multinational group based in Italy, a leading integrated player in the power and gas markets of Europe and Latin America, operating in 40 countries across 4 continents. 12 http://www.enel.com/en-GB/media/press_releases/fulvio-conti-illustrates-the-terms-of-the-147-energy-equation-148-at-the-international-energy-forum-in-rome/r/1594930/ 13 http://www.energyxxi.org/sites/default/files/InternationalIndex2012.pdf 14 https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/energy-security-strategy , pag. 20 15 The Energy Efficiency Strategy: The Energy Efficiency Opportunity in the UK, DECC 2012. http://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/tackling/saving_energy/what_doing/eedo/eedo.aspx  Author - Valerio Abbagnara valerio.abbagnara@enel.com Tags      European Union,     Energy & Natural Resources,     Environment,     Enel SpA   View original Adobe PDF file |  Forward  | Print  | Read later inShare0  If you are interested in submitting an article to Lexology, please contact Andrew Teague at ateague@lexology.com. Related European Union articles      Energy trends for 2012 *     Energy security: cooperation between Ukraine and the European Union *     EU Southern Corridor Summit creates the ‘New Silk Road’ *     EU’s energy policy: latest developments *     EU publishes its Second Strategic Energy Review *  More articles » Related international articles Popular articles from this firm  "An excellent service!"  Sonja Sarantis Legal Counsel State Street Bank and Trust CompanySegnalo un contributo di Valerio Abbagnara (Enel) dal titolo General overview on the essential elements of the European states’ energy security policy.

Dopo una parte introduttiva che ricostruisce brevemente il concetto di sicurezza energetica e gli elementi di rischio, l’articolo si concentra sulla strategie di mitigazione dei Paesi europei e su un’analisi più ravvicinata del caso britannico.

Focus trimestrale sicurezza energetica – Q1 2013

Focus trimestrale sicurezza energetica – Q1 e Q2 2012È stato reso pubblico il focus sulla sicurezza energetica relativo ai primi due trimestri 2013 realizzato per l’Osservatorio di Politica Internazionale (Senato, Camera e MAE).

Il primo capitolo del Focus è dedicato all’analisi del fabbisogno di gas nei principali mercati europei, con specifico riferimento alla generalizzata contrazione dei consumi nel corso del 2012 e del primo semestre 2013 e alla composizione dell’approvvigionamento di gas dei principali Paesi europei.

Il secondo capitolo è invece dedicato all’offerta e, nello specifico, alle politiche dei Paesi produttori di gas naturale e dei Paesi di transito dei gasdotti attualmente in funzione o in fase di progettazione/realizzazione. Ai recenti sviluppi del sistema di infrastrutture di trasporto e alle prospettive di realizzazione di nuovi progetti è poi dedicato il terzo capitolo.

Infine è presente un approfondimento di Nicolò Rossetto dedicato alla rivoluzione del non convenzionale statunitense e al suo impatto potenziale sui mercati europei.

Sole24Ore: un po’ di confusione sui gasdotti

Caso Ablyazov, quando l'ospite inatteso diventa arbitro di governi e contratti energeticiA volte perfino sul Sole 24 Ore si trovano pezzi dai contenuti dubbi, come quello di oggi sul caso Ablyazov e sui rapporti tra l’Italia e il Kazakhstan. Al netto della questione dell’estradizione, il pezzo si chiude con un esempio di fantapolitica energetica condita da un candido disinteresse per i fatti. Introdotto da un accenno di sospetto.

Citando direttamente gli ultimi due capoversi:

Ultima considerazione, solo un indizio. Nell’ultimo Consiglio europeo di fine giugno, il premier Enrico Letta si è presentato in conferenza stampa sorridente per i risultati del vertice sull’occupazione. A un certo punto, Letta ha srotolato davanti ai giornalisti una mappa del nuovo gasdotto transadriatico Tap che consentirà l’afflusso del gas del Caspio dall’Azerbajan in Italia via Albania e Grecia tagliando fuori la Russia.

L’Italia vorrebbe parteciparvi. Così come voleva stare nel Bleu Stream insieme a Putin ed Erdogan e nel Nabucco a firma senza Putin). Ma il problema è che si tratta di progetti alternativi uno all’altro con impegni geostrategici diversi, spesso contraddittori. Sotto questo profilo il “pasticciaccio kazako” potrebbe anche essere un messaggio russo – via Astana – al nuovo giovane leader italiano per ricordargli, ove se lo fosse dimenticato, quanto permeabile e fragile sia tutto il nostro sistema.

Da dove cominciare? Dunque, l’Italia del TAP è il punto di arrivo: più partecipazione di così non si può. Se poi per Italia si intende Enel, forse è ora di rivedere qualche categoria analitica.

Andiamo avanti: Bleu Stream non esiste. E nel Blue Stream, il gasdotto che va dalla Russia alla Turchia, l’Italia non c’è. Ma Eni c’è, eccome: è socio al 50% con Gazprom.

Per quanto riguarda il Nabucco, il governo italiano non ha mai partecipato, così come non erano coinvolte aziende italiane.

Resta poi un mistero in che modo sarebbero alternativi un gasdotto in fase di costruzione da 10 miliardi di metri cubi (Gmc) che porterà nel 2020 gas azerbaigiano in Italia (TAP), un gasdotto già operativo da un decennio e che porta 16 Gmc all’anno di gas russo dedicato al mercato turco (Blue Stream) e un gasdotto abortito che avrebbe dovuto portare gas mediorientale in Austria.

Forse l’autore aveva in mente South Stream, il progetto russo-italiano-francese-tedesco da 60 Gmc, ma non è dato saperlo. Di certo evocare non meglio definite questioni “geostrategiche” proprio in chiusura non aiuta la comprensione. Meglio però chiarirsi le idee, prima di confonderle ai lettori.

Il sistema cinese alla sfida del non convenzionale

FT - China set to miss targets for shale gasfield developmentSecondo quanto riportato dal FT, il governo cinese non riuscirà a garantire i livelli di produzione di gas non convenzionale annunciati per il 2015. Si trattava peraltro di livelli tutto sommato contenuti: 6,5 miliardi di metri cubi (Gmc), 2% dei consumi cinesi (statistiche ufficiali, giova ricordare).

La prima ragione del fallimento annunciato è la carenza di tecnologia e soprattutto di capacità operative da parte delle compagnie cinesi. Un secondo fattore sarebbe amministrativo, data la difficoltà di gestire le autorizzazioni per le condotte.

Un terzo fattore è poi direttamente collegato alla natura dello stato cinese: i prezzi del gas sono stabiliti per decreto e sono stati molto bassi negli ultimi anni. Ora è stato annunciato un aumento per i clienti non residenziali del 15%, ma è troppo tardi rispetto ai tempi di sviluppo (inoltre, possono variare arbitrariamente in futuro, anche in base agli obiettivi di inflazione).

Nel 2012 la Cina ha prodotto 0,5 Gmc di gas non convenzionale e un aumento a 6,5 Gmc in due anni appare difficile. Le difficoltà attuali gettano un’ombra sulle reali possibilità dell’economia cinese di raggiungere gli ambiziosi livelli previsti per i prossimi decenni.

INGRANDISCI - Composizione della produzione cinese di gas al 2035 (fonte IEA)Secondo i dati IEA, nel 2035 la produzione non convenzionale cinese dovrebbe arrivare a circa 235 Gmc, di cui 115 di gas associato al carbone, 95 di gas da argille, 25 di gas da sabbie compatte, coprendo oltre il 40% del fabbisogno cinese previsto (544 Gmc). Tenendo sempre a mente che si tratta di stime a oltre 20 anni, sono in ogni caso dati molto alti.

Non si può fare a meno di pensare che un tale aumento della produzione sarà di difficile gestione senza riforme diffuse nel Paese. Più in generale, sembra che anche sul fronte energetico inizino a emergere segnali di una crescente difficoltà a mantenere la competitività del sistema economico senza un superamento dell’attuale sistema politico, che per ragioni organizzative (burocrazie sovrapposte) e simboliche (la legittimità del sistema resta basata sul Partito Comunista). Superamento tutt’altro che facile, naturalmente.

Il petrolio non convenzionale come fenomeno statunitense

The Shale Oil Boom: A U.S. PhenomenonSegnalo un nuovo paper di Leonardo Maugeri The Shale Oil Boom: A U.S. Phenomenon, dedicato tra a ricostruire il panorama del non convenzionale statunitense e a esplorare i fattori che ne rendono difficilmente replicabile il modello in altri Paesi.

Tra i più importanti, oltre alla dotazione geologica, vi sono la disponibilità di attrezzature, la scarsità di popolazione, la miriade di imprese comptitive e proponse al rischio e i diritti di proprietà delle risorse sotterranee (che negli Stati Uniti sono del proprietario del suolo).

Il testo contiene anche qualche interessante spunto di riflessione in ambito geopolitico.

 

TAP, quale impatto in bolletta?

Tap, i numeri e i vantaggi per l’Italia (anche in bolletta)Il TAP sarà costruito e non ci sono dubbi fatto che poterà vantaggi in termini di sicurezza degli approvvigionamenti. Il gas azerbaigiano dovrebbe anche portare un beneficio in termini di maggiore concorrenzialità del mercato, abbassando i prezzi finali.

Stimare di quanto, però, è un esercizio estremamente difficile. Il TAP entrerà in funzione tra 6 o 7 anni: basta pensare a quanto il mercato sia cambiato nei 6 anni passati per ricordarci di prendere con le molle qualunque ipotesi.

Detto questo, un post di Elisa Maiucci di ieri riporta un virgolettato di Giampaolo Russo, Country Manager TAP Italia: «Si prevede una riduzione della bolletta di 6 miliardi e mezzo, di cui buona parte è riconosciuta a Tap come struttura, portando il gas dal Mar Caspio».

Facciamo due conti. Relazione annuale dell’Autorità alla mano, nel 2012 sono arrivati ai clienti finali 61 miliardi di metri cubi a una media di 44,3 centesimi di euro al mc: in totale, 28,5 miliardi, tasse escluse (tavola 3.52).

Attualmente, ci troviamo in una fase di eccesso di offerta, che ha già spinto verso il basso i prezzi della materia prima e ha avviato un processo di parziale superamento delle indicizzazioni al prezzo del petrolio. Inoltre, le previsioni della domanda italiana per il prossimo decennio sono deboli: 77 miliardi di metri cubi (Gmc) al 2020 e 80,4 Gmc al 2025.

Sarebbe dunque molto interessante capire quali stime siano alla base della cifra ipotizzata.